SULFATE-METHANE INTERFACE: THE UPPER BOUNDARY OF GAS HYDRATE ZONE
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摘要: 定义了海域天然气水合物成矿带的上界面。指出在地球深部存在最原始的、从根本上不依靠光合作用来生存的生命系统。根据对ODP岩心样品中微生物数量的统计,海底以下沉积层中的生物数量可能占据全球原核生物总量的70%,其生物总碳量和地球表面所有植物的碳总量相当。地球内部如此巨大的生物总量应该在地壳中的气体分布等方面起着重要作用。甲烷在地壳层中广泛存在,并主要是微生物成因的。微生物产甲烷的途径主要有两个,一是二氧化碳还原,另一个是醋酸盐发酵。相应地,参与产甲烷的微生物菌群主要是产甲烷菌和食醋酸菌。甲烷在沉积层中的厌氧氧化是一个不争的事实。该过程发生在海底以下一个非常局限的区带,称为硫酸盐还原-甲烷厌氧氧化区带。通常,这个区带很窄,仅为一个面,因此,硫酸盐还原-甲烷厌氧氧化区带又称硫酸盐还原-甲烷厌氧氧化界面。这是一个基本的生物地球化学界面,在功能上它起到屏蔽甲烷向海底和大气逸散的作用,是一个巨大的甲烷汇。甲烷的厌氧氧化同样是一个由微生物介导的过程,参与此过程的微生物主要是食甲烷古菌和硫酸盐还原菌。硫酸盐还原-甲烷厌氧氧化界面在海洋沉积层中一般深可达海底以下上百米,浅可至海底。此界面为天然气水合物的上界面,该界面以上没有甲烷水合物存在。Abstract: A new upper boundary of gas hydrate zone in marine sediment is defined by this paper. ODP data show that the amount of biomass in the marine sediments is among 70% of the total global prokaryota, and its carbon content is comparable to carbon content of terrestrial plants. So the huge microbial life in the marine sediment must play a very important role in the geological processes like methane gas distribution in the earth crusts. Methane is widely distributed within the earth's crust and mainly the source is from bacterial or biogenic rather than thermogenic origin. There are two ways for the microorganism to produce methane, one is from carbon dioxide reduction and one is from acetate fermentation, and accordingly, the methane producing bacteria is mainly methanogenic archaea and acetotrophic methanogen. Anaerobic methane oxidation in marine sediment environment has been confirmed and accepted for a time. This procedure happens within a very limited zone namely sulfate reduction and methane anaerobic oxidation zone and usually sulfate-methane interface. This is a basic biogeochemical interface within the marine sediment. It largely limits the release of methane from marine sediment up to the seafloor. The anaerobic methane oxidation is also a microbial mediated procedure, dominated by methanotrophic archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria. The sulfate-methane interface in marine sediment can be more than one hundred meter deep below seafloor, however, sometime it can be up near to the seafloor. This interface serves as the upper boundary of gas hydrate zone in marine sediment,and there will be no gas hydrate above this interface.
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