长周期基准面下降半旋回内浅水三角洲沉积演化规律及其在开发中的应用——以渤海A油田明下段为例

赵汉卿, 张建民, 李栓豹, 薛明星, 周立业

赵汉卿, 张建民, 李栓豹, 薛明星, 周立业. 长周期基准面下降半旋回内浅水三角洲沉积演化规律及其在开发中的应用——以渤海A油田明下段为例[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2018, 38(5): 71-79. DOI: 10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2018.05.007
引用本文: 赵汉卿, 张建民, 李栓豹, 薛明星, 周立业. 长周期基准面下降半旋回内浅水三角洲沉积演化规律及其在开发中的应用——以渤海A油田明下段为例[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2018, 38(5): 71-79. DOI: 10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2018.05.007
ZHAO Hanqing, ZHANG Jianmin, LI Shuanbao, XUE Mingxing, ZHOU Liye. Sedimentary evolution of a shallow-water delta in a long-term semi-cycle of base-level falling and its application to oilfield development—taking Oilfield A of Baohai Basin as an example[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2018, 38(5): 71-79. DOI: 10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2018.05.007
Citation: ZHAO Hanqing, ZHANG Jianmin, LI Shuanbao, XUE Mingxing, ZHOU Liye. Sedimentary evolution of a shallow-water delta in a long-term semi-cycle of base-level falling and its application to oilfield development—taking Oilfield A of Baohai Basin as an example[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2018, 38(5): 71-79. DOI: 10.16562/j.cnki.0256-1492.2018.05.007

长周期基准面下降半旋回内浅水三角洲沉积演化规律及其在开发中的应用——以渤海A油田明下段为例

基金项目: 

国家科技重大专项“渤海海域大中型油气田地质特征” 2011ZX05023-006-002

详细信息
    作者简介:

    赵汉卿(1989—), 男, 硕士, 工程师, 从事沉积学及开发地质学研究, E-mail:zhaohq17@cnooc.com.cn

  • 中图分类号: TE122.2

Sedimentary evolution of a shallow-water delta in a long-term semi-cycle of base-level falling and its application to oilfield development—taking Oilfield A of Baohai Basin as an example

  • 摘要: 渤海盆地明下段广泛发育浅水三角洲沉积,基于高分辨率层序地层学方法研究其平面发育形态和纵向演化规律,发现在长周期下降半旋回内部早、中、晚期,浅水三角洲平面展布形态依次为坨状、朵叶状和鸟足状。井间对比结果显示,在纵向上早期湖浪作用强,浅水三角洲前缘砂体间相对孤立、连通性差,但砂体内部物性好;中期分支河道间以侧向叠置为主;晚期河道则以垂向叠加为主。浅水三角洲前缘砂体垂向演化规律,主要受沉积物供给速率和可容空间的相对变化所控制。通过滚动勘探开发,有效地预测了储层砂体展布,而在单砂体水平井开发过程中,浅水三角洲的平面展布形态和纵向叠置关系也影响了水平井的砂岩钻遇率。统计结果表明坨状浅水三角洲水平井砂岩钻遇率最高,为84.0%;鸟足状次之,为81.5%;朵叶状由于河道侧向摆动,钻遇率最低,为72.6%。
    Abstract: The Lower Minghuazhen Member of Middle Neogene (N1mL) in the Bohai Basin is dominated by shallow-water deltaic deposits. High-Resolution sequence stratigraphy is applied to reveal the lateral distribution and vertical evolution of the shallow water delta. The deltaic deposits of N1mL are composed of a semi-cycle formed in a long-term base-level falling cycle. During the semi-cycle, sand bodies in blocky, lobate and dendritic shapes are successively observed from bottom to top. Inter-well correlation suggests that the shallow water delta-front sands developed in the early stage are relatively isolated with poor connection and high porosities and permeabilities, indicating a lake of high water level with strong wave action. Later in the middle stage, a swinging distributary channel systems are developed, which resulted in lateral superimposition of deltaic sandbodies. In the final stage, owing to the falling of base level, strong incision occurred and sands were deposited in a pattern of vertical superimposition. Such a distribution pattern of sand bodies was mainly controlled by the relative change in sediment supply and accommodation space. Plane distribution and vertical superimposition relationship of shallow water delta also affect the sand drilling success rate of horizontal wells. Statistics of drilling data reveal that the rate of drilling success is 84.0% for blocky type sand, 81.5% for dendritic type of sand and 72.6%, the lowest, for of lobate type of sand.
  • 浅水三角洲是指由河流注入地形相对平坦、构造稳定的浅水湖(海)盆而发生卸载作用形成的沉积体[1-3],前人对其做了大量研究,主要侧重其形成地质条件、沉积特征、砂体内部构型及其地震沉积学响应[4-15],对于基准面旋回变化对其砂体平面展布特征和砂体内部叠置关系研究甚少,而对于在油气田滚动勘探开发及其在水平井随钻中的浅水三角洲砂体预测则少之又少。

    渤海湾盆地黄河口凹陷明下段广泛发育浅水三角洲[16-19],结合现代沉积及前人对于该区的层序地层、沉积特征都做了相对细致的研究[20-26],在此基础上,以A油田为例,充分利用研究区测井资料和岩心资料,运用高分辨率层序地层学,研究基准面旋回内部浅水三角洲纵向叠置特征和平面展布特征,并分析砂体预测在油田滚动勘探开发及水平井随钻中的应用。

    渤海A油田地处济阳坳陷黄河口凹陷,北邻渤南低凸起,南为莱北低凸起和垦东凸起,东为庙西凹陷,西为埕北凹陷和沾化凹陷(图 1)。研究区明下段时期广泛发育河流-浅水三角洲-湖泊沉积体系,浅水三角洲前缘砂体展布具有一定规模,成为该地区的优质储层。

    图  1  A油田区域位置图
    Figure  1.  Location map of Oilfield A, Bohai Basin

    该区块明下段主要在Ⅱ-Ⅳ油组发育浅水三角洲(图 2),主要发育浅水三角洲前缘亚相,深度主要为1200~1700m,其主力油层基本位于油组的1小层。

    图  2  A油田明下段Ⅱ-Ⅳ油组地层综合柱状图
    Figure  2.  Integrated Column diagram of the oil groups Ⅱ-Ⅳ, N1mL of Oilfiled A

    前人通过大量研究建立了长短周期旋回变化与层序级别的对应关系[27-31],A油田明下段为一个三级层序,从泥岩颜色、岩性及古生物资料分析,Ⅱ-Ⅳ油组整体泥岩颜色自下而上逐渐由半还原向半氧化过渡,湖平面逐渐下降,为一个长周期下降半旋回(图 2);根据岩性组合和测井曲线形态的垂向变化,进一步划分出3个中期旋回,其中最底部只发育下降半旋回,不发育上升半旋回,中部和上部的3个旋回为完整的中期旋回,中期旋回内部又可划分出若干个短期基准面旋回,其与准层序级别大致相对应,短期旋回之间存在稳定泥岩隔层,本次研究重点为长周期基准面内的浅水三角洲之间在短周期之内的平面沉积特征和纵向演化规律。

    油田范围内主要发育前缘亚相的分流河道、天然堤、河口坝和分流间湾4种沉积微相(表 1)。

    表  1  明下段浅水三角洲沉积微相类型
    Table  1.  Micro-faceis types of the shallow-water delta in N1mL
    亚相微相岩性砂岩厚度韵律性沉积构造测井形态
    浅水三角洲浅水三角洲前缘分流河道中细砂岩5~15m正韵律槽状、羽状交错层理箱形、钟形
    天然堤粉砂岩、泥岩1~2m正韵律爬升、砂纹交错层理指形
    河口坝粉、细砂岩2~5m反韵律波状、块状层理漏斗形
    分流间湾泥岩0~0.5m-块状层理平直形
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    以灰色、灰白色中细砂岩为主,主要发育交错层理(图 3a),底部冲刷-充填构造不明显,具有正韵律特征,测井曲线以钟形、箱形-钟形为主,在垂直流向剖面上,呈透镜状,侧向则变为细粒沉积物。

    图  3  沉积微相沉积特征照片
    a.深灰色富含油中细砂岩,槽状交错层理,A-9井Ⅱ油组;b.灰白色粉砂岩,波纹层理,A-4井Ⅲ油组;c.深灰色油浸细砂岩,块状层理,A-2井Ⅳ油组;d.黄灰色泥岩,生物扰动、植物碳屑,A-4井Ⅲ油组
    Figure  3.  Photographs of some micro-faceis

    沉积物多为灰白色细砂岩和粉砂岩的薄互层,表现为多套小型正韵律叠加特征,常具有少量的泥岩夹层,发育爬升层理、波纹层理(图 3b),测井曲线表现为指形。

    由于河口坝处于河湖交汇处,湖水和河水的冲刷和震荡,因而其沉积物由分选好、质纯的细砂岩、粉砂岩组成,可表现为槽状层理、块状层理(图 3c),具有反韵律特征,测井曲线以漏斗形为主。

    为分流河道间相对低洼的海湾地区,与湖相同,水动力较弱,以泥质粉砂岩、泥岩沉积为主,可见水生植物碳屑及生物扰动现象(图 3d),测井曲线表现为直线型,齿化特征明显。

    浅水三角洲相对于正常三角洲水底地形平坦,不存在明显的坡折带,因而不具备典型的“S”型三层结构;水体相对较浅,河流的作用相对较强,波浪的改造作用较弱,岩性多以泥岩、粉砂岩及细砂岩为主;河道的摆动及延伸形成了平面分布广而垂向厚度薄的沉积特征(图 4),具有隐性前积的地震响应特征。

    图  4  A油田明下段Ⅱ-Ⅳ油组沉积微相平面图
    Figure  4.  Micro-facies distribution map of oil group Ⅱ-Ⅳ, N1mL in Oilfiled A

    在长周期基准面下降早期,整体湖盆范围较广,沉积物供给相对不足,分流河道砂体平面呈坨状分散,垂向上多表现为连通性较差、叠置现象不明显(图 5):A-F3井与A-1井虽然存在一定的切叠关系,但与A-F8井所钻遇的同期砂体具有不同的油水界面(OWC),表明两套砂体相互不连通。但由于湖浪作用较强,因而对浅水三角洲前缘河道砂体内部物性具有一定的改良作用,这也是后文中水平井砂岩钻遇率高的原因。

    图  5  Ⅳ油组分流河道砂体叠置特征
    Figure  5.  Superimposition of distributary channel sandbodies in oil group Ⅳ

    在长周期基准面下降中期,湖平面逐渐下降,沉积物供给相对增加,分流河道砂体垂向上多表现为侧向叠置特征,从图 6可以看出,Ⅲ油组可划分出3期河道,只在A-F7H处存在2期河道垂向切割关系,在A-F7H与A-F8处3期河道侧向叠置,河道摆动特征明显,河道间易出现泥岩隔夹层。

    图  6  Ⅲ油组分流河道砂体叠置特征
    Figure  6.  Superimposition of distributary channel sandbodies in oil group Ⅲ

    在长周期基准面下降晚期,湖平面进一步降低,沉积物相对供给更多,分流河道砂体垂向上表现为垂向切叠、叠置特征,从图 7可以看出,河道内部虽然有泥岩回返界面,但整体仍处于河道砂岩相、垂向切叠严重,仅在A-F13H和A-F14H处表现为河道边部的垂向叠置,河道内泥岩夹层不稳定出现。

    图  7  Ⅱ油组分流河道砂体叠置特征
    Figure  7.  Superimposition of distributary channel sandbodies in oil group Ⅱ

    在长周期基准面旋回早期,湖平面达到最高值,湖浪作用强,沉积物供给略显不足,因而砂体平面展布呈坨状,砂体连通性较差,但单砂体内部物性较好;在长周期基准面旋回中期,由于地形平坦,沉积物供给增多,因而河道摆动特征明显,平面呈朵叶状;在长周期基准面旋回晚期,由于湖平面降至最低,地形较之前略陡,沉积物持续供给,在原河道位置继续垂向加积,平面上呈现鸟足状(图 8)。

    图  8  垂向演化规律及沉积序列模式
    Figure  8.  Vertical evolution and sedimentary sequence pattern

    基于长周期基准面旋回内沉积规律认识及岩心资料,可以看出坨状浅水三角洲的河道砂岩以细砂岩、粉砂岩为主,分选磨圆好-中等,一般多见块状层理,而泥岩颜色多以深灰色、灰色为主,可见丰富的螺壳化石;而朵叶状浅水三角洲的河道砂岩以细砂岩为主,夹粉砂岩、泥质条带,分选磨圆中等,可见冲刷面,其沉积构造可见波状层理、槽状层理,泥岩颜色以灰色、灰绿色为主,可见丰富的高等植物炭屑;而鸟足状浅水三角洲的河道砂岩以粉砂岩、细砂岩、中砂岩为主,分选磨圆差-中等,正韵律特征最为明显,冲刷面常见,可见花斑状泥岩。

    由于该地区油源供给充足,储层的砂体预测非常重要,A油田已发现13年,之后在油田周边不断发现新区块(表 2),正是基于对浅水三角洲砂体展布预测,不断在油田周边发现新油田,而油田的规模也多达到千万吨级的中型油田规模。

    表  2  A油田勘探开发历程
    Table  2.  Exploration and development history of Oilfield A
    油田(区块)发现时间(年)投产时间(年)储量规模
    A-主体20032007中型
    A-N20052009中型
    A-W20102015中型
    A-SW20102015中型
    A-NW20152016小型
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    在水平井开发过程中,砂体内部叠置关系及泥岩隔夹层的出现为水平井的砂岩钻遇率带来了很大的风险,通过统计A油田分布在3种不同浅水三角洲砂体上的近百口水平井的砂岩(油层)钻遇率,表明Ⅳ油组坨状浅水三角洲砂岩钻遇率最高达84.0%;Ⅱ油组鸟足状浅水三角洲次之,为81.5%;而Ⅲ油组朵叶状浅水三角洲钻遇率最低为72.6%。

    通过图 9可以看出,水平井在Ⅳ油组坨状三角洲砂体中钻遇泥岩的几率小,是因为砂体受湖浪改造内部物性好,因而其砂岩钻遇率最高;水平井在Ⅱ油组鸟足状三角洲砂体中偶尔会钻遇泥岩,是因为河道边部垂向切割不完全而存在的不稳定泥岩夹层;水平井在Ⅲ油组朵叶状三角洲砂体基本会钻遇泥岩,是由于河道侧向摆动,河道间泥岩隔夹层稳定存在导致的,因而其砂岩钻遇率最低。

    图  9  Ⅱ-Ⅳ油组水平井砂岩钻遇率
    Figure  9.  Drilling success rate of horizontal well in oil group Ⅱ-Ⅳ

    (1) A油田明下段Ⅱ-Ⅳ油组,随长周期基准面下降浅水三角洲前缘河道砂体在纵向上表现为从相互分离—侧向叠置—垂向叠置的特征,平面上表现为坨状—朵叶状—鸟足状的特征;

    (2) 依据浅水三角洲砂体展布预测研究,A油田从发现到不断滚动勘探开发,油田范围不断扩大,油田周边断块仍然具有很大潜力,为今后油气勘探指明了方向;

    (3) 在长周期基准面下降早期,由于其受湖浪改造,砂岩分选最好因而其水平井砂岩钻遇率最高,而在下降中期,河道平面摆动剧烈,河道间存在泥岩隔夹层,因而砂岩钻遇率最低;到下降晚期,沉积物供给进一步增多,河道垂向切叠特征明显,虽然展布范围较中期小,但河道内隔夹层很少发育,因而其砂岩钻遇率处于中间水平。

  • 图  1   A油田区域位置图

    Figure  1.   Location map of Oilfield A, Bohai Basin

    图  2   A油田明下段Ⅱ-Ⅳ油组地层综合柱状图

    Figure  2.   Integrated Column diagram of the oil groups Ⅱ-Ⅳ, N1mL of Oilfiled A

    图  3   沉积微相沉积特征照片

    a.深灰色富含油中细砂岩,槽状交错层理,A-9井Ⅱ油组;b.灰白色粉砂岩,波纹层理,A-4井Ⅲ油组;c.深灰色油浸细砂岩,块状层理,A-2井Ⅳ油组;d.黄灰色泥岩,生物扰动、植物碳屑,A-4井Ⅲ油组

    Figure  3.   Photographs of some micro-faceis

    图  4   A油田明下段Ⅱ-Ⅳ油组沉积微相平面图

    Figure  4.   Micro-facies distribution map of oil group Ⅱ-Ⅳ, N1mL in Oilfiled A

    图  5   Ⅳ油组分流河道砂体叠置特征

    Figure  5.   Superimposition of distributary channel sandbodies in oil group Ⅳ

    图  6   Ⅲ油组分流河道砂体叠置特征

    Figure  6.   Superimposition of distributary channel sandbodies in oil group Ⅲ

    图  7   Ⅱ油组分流河道砂体叠置特征

    Figure  7.   Superimposition of distributary channel sandbodies in oil group Ⅱ

    图  8   垂向演化规律及沉积序列模式

    Figure  8.   Vertical evolution and sedimentary sequence pattern

    图  9   Ⅱ-Ⅳ油组水平井砂岩钻遇率

    Figure  9.   Drilling success rate of horizontal well in oil group Ⅱ-Ⅳ

    表  1   明下段浅水三角洲沉积微相类型

    Table  1   Micro-faceis types of the shallow-water delta in N1mL

    亚相微相岩性砂岩厚度韵律性沉积构造测井形态
    浅水三角洲浅水三角洲前缘分流河道中细砂岩5~15m正韵律槽状、羽状交错层理箱形、钟形
    天然堤粉砂岩、泥岩1~2m正韵律爬升、砂纹交错层理指形
    河口坝粉、细砂岩2~5m反韵律波状、块状层理漏斗形
    分流间湾泥岩0~0.5m-块状层理平直形
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   A油田勘探开发历程

    Table  2   Exploration and development history of Oilfield A

    油田(区块)发现时间(年)投产时间(年)储量规模
    A-主体20032007中型
    A-N20052009中型
    A-W20102015中型
    A-SW20102015中型
    A-NW20152016小型
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  • 收稿日期:  2016-10-17
  • 修回日期:  2017-04-26
  • 刊出日期:  2018-10-27

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