Sedimentary evolution of a shallow-water delta in a long-term semi-cycle of base-level falling and its application to oilfield development—taking Oilfield A of Baohai Basin as an example
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摘要: 渤海盆地明下段广泛发育浅水三角洲沉积，基于高分辨率层序地层学方法研究其平面发育形态和纵向演化规律，发现在长周期下降半旋回内部早、中、晚期，浅水三角洲平面展布形态依次为坨状、朵叶状和鸟足状。井间对比结果显示，在纵向上早期湖浪作用强，浅水三角洲前缘砂体间相对孤立、连通性差，但砂体内部物性好；中期分支河道间以侧向叠置为主；晚期河道则以垂向叠加为主。浅水三角洲前缘砂体垂向演化规律，主要受沉积物供给速率和可容空间的相对变化所控制。通过滚动勘探开发，有效地预测了储层砂体展布，而在单砂体水平井开发过程中，浅水三角洲的平面展布形态和纵向叠置关系也影响了水平井的砂岩钻遇率。统计结果表明坨状浅水三角洲水平井砂岩钻遇率最高，为84.0%；鸟足状次之，为81.5%；朵叶状由于河道侧向摆动，钻遇率最低，为72.6%。Abstract: The Lower Minghuazhen Member of Middle Neogene (N1mL) in the Bohai Basin is dominated by shallow-water deltaic deposits. High-Resolution sequence stratigraphy is applied to reveal the lateral distribution and vertical evolution of the shallow water delta. The deltaic deposits of N1mL are composed of a semi-cycle formed in a long-term base-level falling cycle. During the semi-cycle, sand bodies in blocky, lobate and dendritic shapes are successively observed from bottom to top. Inter-well correlation suggests that the shallow water delta-front sands developed in the early stage are relatively isolated with poor connection and high porosities and permeabilities, indicating a lake of high water level with strong wave action. Later in the middle stage, a swinging distributary channel systems are developed, which resulted in lateral superimposition of deltaic sandbodies. In the final stage, owing to the falling of base level, strong incision occurred and sands were deposited in a pattern of vertical superimposition. Such a distribution pattern of sand bodies was mainly controlled by the relative change in sediment supply and accommodation space. Plane distribution and vertical superimposition relationship of shallow water delta also affect the sand drilling success rate of horizontal wells. Statistics of drilling data reveal that the rate of drilling success is 84.0% for blocky type sand, 81.5% for dendritic type of sand and 72.6%, the lowest, for of lobate type of sand.
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图 2 A油田明下段Ⅱ-Ⅳ油组地层综合柱状图
Figure 2. Integrated Column diagram of the oil groups Ⅱ-Ⅳ, N1mL of Oilfiled A
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图 3 沉积微相沉积特征照片
a.深灰色富含油中细砂岩，槽状交错层理，A-9井Ⅱ油组；b.灰白色粉砂岩，波纹层理，A-4井Ⅲ油组；c.深灰色油浸细砂岩，块状层理，A-2井Ⅳ油组；d.黄灰色泥岩，生物扰动、植物碳屑，A-4井Ⅲ油组
Figure 3. Photographs of some micro-faceis
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图 4 A油田明下段Ⅱ-Ⅳ油组沉积微相平面图
Figure 4. Micro-facies distribution map of oil group Ⅱ-Ⅳ, N1mL in Oilfiled A
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图 5 Ⅳ油组分流河道砂体叠置特征
Figure 5. Superimposition of distributary channel sandbodies in oil group Ⅳ
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图 6 Ⅲ油组分流河道砂体叠置特征
Figure 6. Superimposition of distributary channel sandbodies in oil group Ⅲ
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图 7 Ⅱ油组分流河道砂体叠置特征
Figure 7. Superimposition of distributary channel sandbodies in oil group Ⅱ
表 1 明下段浅水三角洲沉积微相类型
Table 1 Micro-faceis types of the shallow-water delta in N1mL
相 亚相 微相 岩性 砂岩厚度 韵律性 沉积构造 测井形态 浅水三角洲 浅水三角洲前缘 分流河道 中细砂岩 5~15m 正韵律 槽状、羽状交错层理 箱形、钟形 天然堤 粉砂岩、泥岩 1~2m 正韵律 爬升、砂纹交错层理 指形 河口坝 粉、细砂岩 2~5m 反韵律 波状、块状层理 漏斗形 分流间湾 泥岩 0~0.5m - 块状层理 平直形 
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表 2 A油田勘探开发历程
Table 2 Exploration and development history of Oilfield A
油田(区块) 发现时间(年) 投产时间(年) 储量规模 A-主体 2003 2007 中型 A-N 2005 2009 中型 A-W 2010 2015 中型 A-SW 2010 2015 中型 A-NW 2015 2016 小型
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