TRIGGERING CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES ALONG THE IZU-BONIN-MARIANA SUBDUCTION ZONE
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摘要: 计算了伊豆-小笠原、马里亚纳弧段的浅源地震与俯冲速率的相关系数，证实了俯冲速率是一个重要的控制因素。地震统计结果展示马里亚纳中深度(60~300 km)地震存在较明显分段性，且与海底地形起伏度相对应，推断这种现象一方面因为海山俯冲引起的板块破裂程度高，导致更多的流体供应所致; 另一方面可能与海山俯冲机制导致板片局部变形有关。通过全球P波波速模型，提取马里亚纳之下大约8.0 km/s的等值面，揭示了俯冲板片的深部形态，在马里亚纳弧的南北两侧之下，存在两个明显的缺失，代表了板片深部的撕裂，且北部撕裂程度要比南部高，可能与北部小笠原高原与南部卡罗琳洋中脊俯冲有关。重力数据与地震数据揭示了相对于马里亚纳俯冲带北部，南部可能为强耦合，菲律宾海板块之下410~660 km不连续界面滞留为太平洋板片，西南部与马里亚纳俯冲带南部俯冲太平洋板片相连。初步推断这种结构与具有较大浮力的卡罗琳洋中脊可能共同决定了马里亚纳俯冲带南部8°N、137.3°E存在的旋转极。Abstract: The correlation coefficient between shallow earthquakes and plate subduction rates along the IBM is calculated in this paper. It suggests that the plate subduction rate is an important parameter to determine the spatial distribution of earthquakes. Statistic of earthquakes reveals that intermediate to deep (60~300 km) seated earthquakes along the Mariana Arc show an obvious feature of segmentation corresponding to the relief of sea floor. It is inferred to be caused by over supply of fluids during the seamount subduction, which leads to the break and local deformation of the subducting slab and change in coupling of thermal pattern. A counter surface of 8.0 km/s from the global P-wave model beneath the Mariana Arc is extracted and presented by the Paraview software. Two gaps are observed under the north and south ends of the Mariana Arc, owing to the tearing up of the subducting slab, which is stronger in the north and weaker in the south, and the difference in subduction rate in the northern Ogasawara Plateau and the southern Caroline Ridge respectively. The gravity and earthquake data also reveals that in the southern part of the Mariana Arc there may be strong interplate coupling, and 3D P-wave speed map shows that the 410~670 km remanent Pacific Plate beneath the Philippine Sea Plate extend to the southwest and there is an indirect contact with the subducting Pacific plate from the southern Mariana Arc. A preliminary deduction is that the deep structure and the buoyant Caroline Ridge may determine the existence of the rotation pole located at 8°N, 137.3°E in the southern Mariana.
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Keywords:
- subduction zone /
- earthquake /
- seamount /
- slab tear /
- subduction rate
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图 2 伊豆-小笠原、马里亚纳俯冲带地震分布(a)，海底地形起伏度(b)与地震柱状统计图(c)
(a)点状符号代表地震，来自USGS数据库，震级大于5级，时间为1973—2015年，根据深度分为了3个颜色，红色代表了浅源地震(0~60 km)，黄色代表了中源地震(60~300 km)，深源地震(>300 km)。紫色线(A-A', B-B', C-C')平行于海沟轴，灰色区域为地形起伏度低值，白色为高值; (b)紫色线为海底地形起伏度，X轴为距离，Y轴为起伏度; (c)横坐标为带宽号，与(a)带宽号和地形起伏度X轴距离(b)对应，纵坐标为地震频数
Figure 2. (a)The distribution of epicenters along the IBM.Dots denote earthquakes
(Mw>5, during 1973—2015, from USGS catalog) Red dots denote shallow-depth earthquakes (depth≤60 km); Yellow dots denote intermediate-deep earthquakes (60
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图 5 伊豆-小笠原-马里亚纳弧之下太平洋俯冲板片上界面形态
(a)板片上的曲线为倾向，颜色代表了俯冲板片的倾向方位，板片上的红色虚线为推断的板片撕裂的位置[28, 29]，太平洋板片的白色实线代表年龄等值线; (b)伊豆-小笠原-马里亚纳弧下太平洋板片上界面俯冲角度等值线
Figure 5. A three-dimensional morphology of the upper boundary of the subducting slab beneath the IBM Arc
(a)The curves denote tendencies and different color denotes different azimuth. The red dashed lines denote slab tears. The white lines denote the contour lines of slab age; (b) The curves denote the contour lines of the subduction angles
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图 6 剖面展示了垂直方向的P波平均值扰动百分比
红色为低值，蓝色为高值，深度为1 000 km，两条黑线代表了410与660 km不连续界面，粗黑线代表了俯冲板片上边界(Slab 1.0)
Figure 6. Vertical cross-sections of percent perturbation relative to the P wave mean value along six profiles shown on the map
Red color denotes low velocity, while blue color denotes high velocity. The depth is 1 000 km. Two thin black lines denote respectively 410 and 660 km discontinuous interface. The thick black lines denote the upper boundary of the subudcting Pacific slab (slab 1.0)
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图 10 俯冲速率与浅源地震频数的相关性
地震柱状统计为浅源地震统计(图 2c)，横坐标为带宽号，代表了相对位置(图 2a)，左侧纵坐标为地震频数，右侧纵坐标为对应位置的俯冲速率[65]
Figure 10. The correlation between the subduction rate and the occurrence frequency of shallow-depth earthquakes
Histograms denote shallow-depth earthquakes (from Fig. 2c). X-axis is the area index labeled by Fig. 2a. Left Y-axis is the occurrence frequency of shallow- depth earthquakes, and right Y-axis is subduction rate[65]
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图 11 马里亚纳之下的P波模型立体图
灰白色界面代表P波为8.0 km/s的等值面，黄色或红色块体代表了等值面以内7.0~8.0 km/s的P波数据，黄色三角形代表了地表马里亚纳北部的小笠原高原与南部的卡罗琳洋中脊，A与B可能代表了深部的板片撕裂，黑色箭头代表了深部410~660 km不连续界面滞留的太平洋板片南西向与马里亚纳南部俯冲板片相连
Figure 11. The three-dimensional structure of P-wave beneath the Mariana Arc
Gray boundaries denote the contour surfaces of about 8.0 km/s P-wave velocity, and yellow or red blocks denote the P-wave velocity in the range of 7.5~8.0 km/s. Yellow triangles denote the Ogasawara Plateau and the Caroline Ridge. A and B may denote deep slab tears. Black arrow denotes a SW-directed linkage between the stagnant Pacific slab at 410-660 km and the subducting Pacific slab along the southern Mariana Arc
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